Gall fungi - Taphrinales
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Fungi
Fungi are not plants, as was thought to be so in the past, but in a separate Kingdom of their own. In most cases, the main body of the fungus is hidden from view. It is a network of threads (hyphae) collectively called a 'mycelium', which permeate the substrate on which the fungus grows. The hyphae absorb nutrients and water from the substrate. The reproductive spore-producing structures, such as the familiar mushroom or bracket, are the visible parts of the fungus.
The Fungus Kingdom is extremely diverse, and includes many microfungi that are rarely recorded. Most of the larger species are in one of two major divisions or Phylum, based on the way the fungus reproduces. Basidiomycota (sometimes called 'spore-droppers') include mushrooms and toadstools, brackets, corals, puffballs, jellies, rusts and smuts. The Ascomycota or 'spore-shooters' includes cups, morels, yeasts and many other smaller fungi.
Taxonomy is very complicated and is liable to change as the true relationships between species are worked out. In the sections below, we have grouped fungi into categories based on their structure and appearance rather than their place in the scientific taxonomic hierarchy. There is more information under each section.
Recording fungi
Always note the substrate or host-plant on which the fungus is growing, and the habitat. To identify many large species, it is helpful to get a good photograph of the cap (from the top), the gills or spore-producing structures (from underneath) and the stipe or stem (from the side) - three images from three angles, rather than images from much the same angle.
Always note the texture of cap and stipe; the smell; and the presence of any staining or 'milk' produced when the cap, gills, stipe or body of the fungus is bruised.
The colour of the spores can be very helpful. It is best seen by taking a spore-print from a collected specimen - advice on doing this is in many of the resources below. For some fungi, microscopic examination of the spores may be needed for identification.
Resources
The Leicestershire Fungi Study Group is a great place to start if you want to learn about fungi. They welcome new members. Their annual programme of study forays is led by enthusiastic and knowledgeable leaders. There are also indoor microscopy sessions held in Leicester. This is a really excellent way to broaden your knowledge, and make friends who share your interest in fungi.
There are many field guides, but none of them contain all the fungi you will find, or have all the photos or information you need, so it is a good idea to check several different books and websites.
- Courtecuisse, R. & Duhem, B. (1995) Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain & Europe. Collins
- Kibby, G. 2020-2022. Mushrooms and Toadstools of Britain & Europe, Volumes 1 - 4. (privately published)
- Laessoe,T. & Petersen,J. (2019) Fungi of Temperate Europe. Princeton University Press, Volumes 1 and 2
- O'Reilly, P. (2016). Fascinated by Fungi. First Nature
- Phillips, R. (2006). Mushrooms (2nd edition). Macmillan.
- Sterry, P. & Hughes, B. (2009). Complete guide to British Mushrooms and Toadstools. Collins
- Wood, E & Dunkelman, J. (2017). Grassland Fungi: a Field Guide. Monmouthshire Meadows Group
Pat O'Reilly's First Nature website has some helpful advice and tips on identifying fungi.
The British Mycological Society website is a good source of information, mostly aimed at the expert.
If you know of other websites or books that you would recommend, do let us know: info@naturespot.co.uk
Gall fungi - Taphrinales
This order of fungi are Ascomycetes. Many species are gall-causers, and are fairly host-specific.
A variety of galls are formed by species in the genus Taphrina, such as deformed or 'pocket plum' fruit, witches' brooms, leaf curls or tongues. Typically, haploid Taphrina cells form yeast-like colonies early in their life-cycle. Cells germinate to produce invasive hyphae that infect new plant tissue. Eventually, a layer of asci containing the ascospores is produced on the leaves, fruits or other parts of the galled hosts, often in a visible bloom. Pressure builds up in the asci over summer, and they burst, shooting out the spores, which start the life cycle again if they land on a suitable host.
